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Karthik SrinivasanNew preprint paper from the Desimone gang! Hopefully, the first of a few from us this year. "Stimulus representations in visual cortex shaped by spatial attention and microsaccades"<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.529300v1" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.529300v1</a>Work done with <a href="https://mastodon.world/@elowet" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@elowet</a>, Bruno Gomes, and of course the boss!<a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/SpatialAttention" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#SpatialAttention</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/Microsaccades" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#Microsaccades</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/V4" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#V4</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ITcortex" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ITcortex</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/Pulvinar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#Pulvinar</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/Attention" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#Attention</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ObjectRepresentation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ObjectRepresentation</a>

Karthik Srinivasan<a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/OldNeuroPapers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#OldNeuroPapers</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/neuroscience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#neuroscience</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/HistoryOfIdeas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#HistoryOfIdeas</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ITcortex" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ITcortex</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ObjectRecognition" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ObjectRecognition</a> Coda:We see even in this coarse reading, establishing the role of IT cortex in object recognition and processing was nearly a six-decade culmination of work by multiple researchers working on the anatomy, physiology, theory and behavior. Large parts of what I have written is from Society for Neuroscience’s “The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography” of Charlie Gross: <a href="https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/TheHistoryofNeuroscience/Volume-6/c4.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">https://www.sfn.org/-/media/SfN/Documents/TheHistoryofNeuroscience/Volume-6/c4.pdf</a>I highly recommend to students and neuroscientists alike to make use of this excellent resource that SfN has to offer: <a href="https://www.sfn.org/about/history-of-neuroscience/autobiographical-chapters" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">https://www.sfn.org/about/history-of-neuroscience/autobiographical-chapters</a>10/10

Karthik Srinivasan<a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/OldNeuroPapers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#OldNeuroPapers</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/neuroscience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#neuroscience</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/HistoryOfIdeas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#HistoryOfIdeas</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ITcortex" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ITcortex</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ObjectRecognition" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ObjectRecognition</a> Yasushi Miyashita and his group in Tokyo around the late 80s furthered the short-term pictorial memory in IT and how they relate to long term associational memory. Justine Sergent at McGill in the early 90s showed the first evidence of a dedicated face processing region in the ventral stream, which Nancy Kanwisher later clearly established in the mid to late 90s for its domain specificity and calling it the Fusiform Face Area (FFA). Nancy also identified another region that was dedicated exclusively to places/scenes, Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)9/10

Karthik Srinivasan<a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/OldNeuroPapers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#OldNeuroPapers</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/neuroscience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#neuroscience</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/HistoryOfIdeas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#HistoryOfIdeas</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ITcortex" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ITcortex</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ObjectRecognition" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ObjectRecognition</a> Charlie Gross then moved to Princeton in the 1970s. Bob Desimone (my mentor), and Tom Albright joined as some of his first grad students. The inimitable Eric Schwartz joined them as a postdoc for a couple years. The Gross lab in the mid to late 1970s established systematically that IT neurons responded to complex visual inputs, their overall shapes, and thus objects rather than to individual features like orientations, or color, or simple curvature. This led to the funny and famous story of the "toilet-brush" neurons. The toilet-brush neurons also responded to “hand” cells that Charlie had earlier identified, so the “fingers” in the two were the commonality. This led them to come up with the idea of Fourier shape descriptors to suggest how the brain builds the "it" from the "bits" (a forerunner to all the modern linear combination of activities to give an output response, including the currently in-vogue deepnet models). 6/10

Karthik Srinivasan<a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/OldNeuroPapers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#OldNeuroPapers</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/neuroscience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#neuroscience</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/HistoryOfIdeas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#HistoryOfIdeas</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ITcortex" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ITcortex</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ObjectRecognition" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ObjectRecognition</a> In the middle to late 1960s, then at MIT, George Gerstein, and a dashing young Charlie Gross (my intellectual grandfather), inspired by single neuron recordings of Hubel and Wiesel, and the work of Pribram and Mishkin, stuck microelectrodes in IT cortex of awake monkeys and showed that they responded to visual stimuli. This was the first demonstration of neurons being active for visual inputs far away from the striate areas!Later Peter Schiller joined them in the experiments. They also showed these neurons were involved in attentional mechanisms. The input stimuli, however were still rudimentary and not resembling anything “object” like: diffused light, orientation, movement etc., And then by happenstance, Charlie found "face" and "hand" cells (much like how Hubel and Wiesel found orientation cells by complete accident, slipping of the image on the projector)!5/10

Karthik Srinivasan<a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/OldNeuroPapers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#OldNeuroPapers</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/neuroscience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#neuroscience</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/HistoryOfIdeas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#HistoryOfIdeas</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ITcortex" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ITcortex</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ObjectRecognition" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ObjectRecognition</a> Heinrich Klüver in the 1930s wanted to study the effects of mescaline(!) in macaques after bilateral temporal lobectomy. Paul Bucy, a neurosurgeon performed the surgery and experiments. However, Bucy did not observe any of the hypothesized effects of mescaline and instead discovered that the animal had significant impairment/abnormalities. These broadly included: subdued/docile emotional expressions, adverse sexual behavior, dietary changes, utilization behaviors, increased tendency to use the mouth for exploring the world, and finally, but most importantly for our story, difficulties in visual learning and agnosia!In the 1950s, neuroscientists and surgeons documented and confirmed similar behaviors in humans who had temporal lobectomy. Today, we know this as the famous/eponymous Klüver-Bucy syndrome due to bilateral lesions (or tumors) of the medial temporal lobe (MTL).2/10

Karthik Srinivasan<a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/OldNeuroPapers" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#OldNeuroPapers</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/neuroscience" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#neuroscience</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/HistoryOfIdeas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#HistoryOfIdeas</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ITcortex" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ITcortex</a> <a href="https://neuromatch.social/tags/ObjectRecognition" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#ObjectRecognition</a> Everyone in neuroscience has heard of the famous story of patient HM. The bilateral medial temporal lobectomy performed on him (in 1953) resecting most of his hippocampi to cure epilepsy, but led to him having anterograde amnesia. This observation directly implicated hippocampus as necessary for memory formation, thus kickstarting an entire field. How did we arrive at the inferotemporal cortex (IT) as the region involved in object processing/recognition? The history of IT is even longer, not as straightforward as that of hippocampus, and in fact was a multi-decade culmination. Here’s a shortish compressed history of how IT became the center of visual object recognition in ten toots! 1/10

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