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#holocene

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💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Atop The Oregon Cascades, [Research] Team Finds A Huge Buried Aquifer
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eurekalert.org/news-releases/1 <-- shared technical article
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doi.org/10.1073/pnas.241515512 <-- shared paper
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usgs.gov/centers/oregon-water- <-- shared USGS technical article, 2011, ‘McKenzie River Source Water Study’
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youtu.be/6R8e5HwGMwU?si=sniW4b <-- shared media video overview
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #model #modeling #water #hydrology #Oregon #Cascades #CascadeMountains #PNW #PacificNorthwest #volcanic #rocks #aquifer #waterresources #watermanagement #climatechange #snowpack #drought #spatialanalysis #CriticalZone #geohazards #geology #engineeringgeology #landscapes #weathering #bedrock #holocene #groundwater #structuralgeology #orogeny #remotesensing #geophysics #sampling #drilling #porosity #permability #tomography #lava #spring #seep #breccia #discharge #streams #runoff #precipitation #climate #rainfall #recharge

photo - Scientists examine a large-volume spring in young volcanic rocks of the McKenzie River watershed on the west side of the Cascade topographic crest that was monitored as part of this study. Credit: Benjamin Nash
map, photo and charts - (A) Electrical resistivity tomography of Olallie North Spring, which emerges along a flow contact of _25 ka Scott Mountain lava flows. Lateral variations correspond to spring discharge points along the lava flow basal breccia such as depicted in (B) (photo: Benjamin Nash). (C) Mean of total yearly range in discharge _Q divided by mean annual flow Qavg versus average upstream age for springs and streams. The horizontal line defines “spring-” versus “runoff-” dominated. (D) SD of yearly average summer discharge (June–September), normalized by Qavg, with CZ state shift labeled.
maps and chart - (A) Distribution of geothermal drill holes. Thin black circles’ radii scale with total logged length, and colors indicate the fraction of length for which dT=dz < 20_C/km (implying downward flux of meteoric water). Red circles are the fraction with inverted gradients (dT=dz < 0_C/km). The purple contour indicates bedrock ages <2 Ma, while stars mark Holocene age phreatomagmatic eruption vents. (B) Two example temperature-depth logs from deep wells in old and young bedrock. (C) Porosity (blue) and resistivity (orange) in the Santiam Pass drill hole SP 77-24. Dashed lines indicate low porosity at high measured resistivity. (D) Chemical weathering tracked by oxidation state of iron in the Santiam Pass drill hole. The green box indicates range of Quaternary High Cascades lavas (SI Appendix), indicating that much of the SP 77-24 hole has been oxidized.
maps and cross section - Oregon Cascades study site. (A) Topography, rivers (from USGS blue lines), stream gauges, lakes, and faults. Olallie North Spring (ONS) and HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) are labeled. (B) Surface bedrock ages (18), geothermal drill holes, and Quaternary volcanic vents (19). Labeled vents exhibited Holocene phreatomagmatic activity: Sand Mountain volcanic field (SMF), Blue Lake Crater (BLC), Twin Craters (TC). Gray areas are mapped as “Sedimentary deposits and rocks” in ref. 18. (C) Cross-section of swath topography and surface bedrock ages (N-S average of _4 km from Santiam Pass, pink box in panel A), with subsurface structures based on published geologic maps (SI Appendix). The proposed Critical Zone (CZ) state shift and physiographic “Western” and “High” Cascade provinces are labeled. (D) Temperature gradient versus depth in drill holes from panel (C). Near-isothermal or inverted temperature gradients define the “rain curtain.”
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Keith D Johnson

6/ snip "Global warming doesn’t just mean temperatures getting warmer, it also means increasing extremes & variability. The hallmark of the #holocene was climatic stability. We’ve left that era behind.
“Extremely Hot Summers in the Northern Hemisphere have gone from happening 0.1% of the time in 1951–1980 to 22.1% of the time in 2009–2019. That is over a 200x (20,000%) increase!”

Public
💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Balanced Boulders On San Andreas Fault Suggest The 'Big One' Won't Be As Destructive As Once Thought
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livescience.com/planet-earth/e <-- shared technical article
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agu.confex.com/agu/fm23/meetin <-- shared abstract
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #spatialanalysis #model #modeling #earthquake #faulting #prediction #reconstruction #dating #risk #hazard #hazardassessment #shaking #seismic #earthquakeengineering #LoveJoyButtes #hazardmodel #earthquakemodel #CA #California #geology #engineeringgeology #SanAndreasFault #SanAndreas #fault #groundmotion #history #holocene #earthquakehazard #Mojave #validation #returnperiod #magnitude #mathematicalmodeling

photo - sampling - precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) at Lovejoy Buttes, Mojave, CA
photo - precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) at Lovejoy Buttes, Mojave, CA
photo - scanning marks - precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) at Lovejoy Buttes, Mojave, CA
photo - scanning marks - precariously balanced rocks (PBRs) at Lovejoy Buttes, Mojave, CA
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💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Sea Level Rise Drowned A Vast Habitable Area Of North-Western Australia Driving Long-Term Cultural Change
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doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.20 <-- shared paper
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[By modelling these geographic features, the team estimates that the region could have supported a population of between 50,000 and 500,000 people.]
#GIS #spatial #mapping #sealevelrise #demographics #remotesensing #climatechange #Pleistocene #Sahu #human #occupation #dispersal #archaeology #rockart #indigeneous #aborgines #firstnation #ancientpeoples #paleogeography #drownedlandscapes #Continentalshelf #Sealevelchange #bathymetry #topobathy #SLR #sealevel #sealevelrise #NewGuinea #PapuaNewGuinea #kimberley #arnhemland #NorthernAustralia #WesternAustralia #marine #ocean #innundation #model #modeling #archipelago
#australia #Wallacea #habitation #settlement #civilisation #maritime #economics #ancienthistory #sediment #sampling #geology #holocene

photo - rock gorge - Western Australia
pictures of artifacts - indicated location of map of Australia - Map of Sahul showing the extent of the now-submerged continental shelf (dark grey), with the area of the Northwest Shelf demarcated by a dashed black box, and the present-day distribution of the Köppen climate groups (seasonal precipitation and temperature) showing the extent of modern-day Australia and New Guinea. The tropical distribution of Late Pleistocene sites containing early axe technology are shown as black circles, sites without early axe technology as grey circles, and sites demonstrating Late Pleistocene occupation of the now submerged continental shelves as white circles.
maps and cross sections - kimberley depression and lake kimberley
maps and charts : A Rate of change of sea-level rise (m of sea level rise per 200 year increment) adapted from Ishiwa et al. (2019) and Williams et al. (2018). Accelerated sea level rise occurs during Meltwater Pulse 1A, and during a series of rapid pulses with the onset of the Holocene. B Sea level rise for the Northwest Shelf projected onto high-resolution bathymetric data in 500-year increments, with periods of rapid sea level rise and land submergence in red. Archaeological sites registering a corresponding pulse in occupation are in red (Pulse 1) and brown (Pulse 2), with site letters a–f relating to panel C. C Artefact discard rates at sites in the Kimberley and Arnhem Land with pulses in discard rates that correspond to rapid sea-level rise highlighted (Pulse 1: red; Pulse 2: brown). Bathymetric data: High-resolution depth model for Northern Australia - 30 m (Beaman, 2018).
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Mikko Tuomi

The worldwide #extinction of #megafauna during the Late #Pleistocene and Early #Holocene is evident from the fossil record, with dominant theories suggesting a #climate, human or combined impact cause.

Declines of megafauna populations become ubiquitous 32–76 kya across all landmasses, a pattern best explained by worldwide Homo sapiens expansion implying major human-driven #ecosystem restructuring at a global scale.

nature.com/articles/s41467-023

NatureWorldwide Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene population declines in extant megafauna are associated with Homo sapiens expansion rather than climate change - Nature CommunicationsExtinction of megafauna is a defining trend of the last 50,000 years. Here, the authors use genomic data to infer population histories of 139 extant megafauna, suggesting that their population decline is better explained by Homo sapiens expansion than by climate change.
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