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#Vulcanism

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💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Large Magma Bodies Found Beneath Dormant Volcanoes, Surprising Scientists
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phys.org/news/2025-01-large-ma <-- shared technical article
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doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-016 <-- shared paper
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #remotesensing #seismology #seismic #teleseismic #magma #volcano #vulcanism #geophysics #geophysical #geology #structuralgeology #crust #hotspot #PNW #PacificNorthwest #MountRainer #MountSaintHelens #eruption #dormant #Cascades #CascadeRange #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #MountHood #ThreeSisters #Oregon #Washington #California #NewberryVolcano #CraterLake #MountShasta #LassenPeak #partialmelt #model #modeling #seismicity #earthquake #risk #hazard #active #threat #monitoring #engineeringgeology #EarlyWarningSystem

photo - An ash plume billows from the crater atop Mount St. Helens hours after its eruption began on May 18th, 1980, in Washington State. The column of ash and gas reached 15 miles into the atmosphere, depositing ash across a dozen states
photo - Mount Rainier, a snowcapped volcano, looms over Puyallup Valley near Orting, Washington. The prospect of a lahar — a swiftly moving debris flow caused by melting snow and ice typically during a volcanic eruption — poses a threat to surrounding communities.
maps/charts - Back-projected P–S conversions with phase polarities and geographical location determination of the Vs reduction bodies
cross sections - Possibilities of partial melts beneath each volcano
Public
💧🌏 Greg Cocks

A Seismic Precursor 15 Min Before The Giant Eruption Of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano On 15 January 2022
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doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111144 <-- shared paper
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"KEY POINTS:
• The volcano generated Rayleigh waves about 15 min before the giant eruption with no apparent surface activity
• These waves dominated in 0.03–0.1 Hz with amplitudes comparable to the amplitude of M4.9
• Seismic stations 750 km from the volcano and appropriate data analyses allowed [them] to capture precursors of the catastrophic eruption..."
#geology #seismology #tonga #volcano #eruption #vulcanism #HungaTonga #RayleighWave #earthquake #precursor #remotesensing #imagery #satellite #HTHH #model #modeling #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #caldera #seismicstation #monitoring #naturalhazard #naturaldisaster #risk #hazard #engineeringgeology

geology cross sections / schematics - Schematic cross-section of the HTHH before the January 15 eruption (Alvarez & Camacho, 2023) (a), the eruption onset shortly after 4:00 (b), and the climactic phase starting around 04:15 (c). A scenario from the precursor to the eruption consists of high-pressure magma beneath some parts of the circular weak zone (d), tensile fracture generating the precursor around 03:45 (e), penetration of magma, magmatic gas, and seawater into the fracture (f), and magma-water interaction triggering the eruption (g).
map and chart - (a) A map (Google Earth) of the seismic stations (MSVF and FUTU) about 750 km from the HTHH. The yellow lines are the azimuth range of the Rayleigh wave arrivals at each station (See Section 3). The azimuths, , defined clockwise from the north, are estimated in a 64-s-long time window shifted every 4 s in 03:47:29–03:52:29 on 15 January 2022. The right panels show the results at MSVF (b) and FUTU (c) as functions of the product of vertical-to-north and vertical-to-east cross-correlation coefficients, representing the prominence of the Rayleigh wave in data. Red data points with good correlation ( 0.83) are used for drawing the yellow lines in panel (a). The horizontal red dotted lines are the geographical directions from the stations to HTHH.
photos - sequences - eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano, Tonga, 2022
charts - (a) The RMS of vertical velocity components in 0.04–0.08 Hz, , observed at MSVF (blue) and FUTU (orange). The vertical-to-horizontal cross correlation coefficients are displayed in panels (b–e) by colors: (b) and (c) at MSVF, (d) and (e) at FUTU. The common horizontal axes are the time of January 15, from 02:30 to 04:45. All functions are calculated in 64-s-long windows, and the values are displayed at the windows' central time. The vertical axes in panels (b–e) are the time delay, , of relative to the horizontal components. The red vertical reference lines are at 03:49:20, 04:04:46, and 04:17:48, respectively. The orange arrows indicate the prominent Rayleigh wave pattern. (f–g) The transients of the Rayleigh wave power estimated in 0.07–0.09 Hz using at MSVF (blue) and at FUTU (orange) for the precursor (f) and the M5.8 earthquake (g). The times of the peaks and troughs of the transients, labeled by the circled numbers, are shown. The time differences are ①36 s, ②32 s, ③23 s in panel (f) and ①29 s, ②32 s, ③30 s in panel (g).
Public
💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Cenozoic Exhumation Across The High Plains Of Southeastern Colorado From (U-Th)/He Thermochronology
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doi.org/10.2113/2023/lithosphe <-- shared paper
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[as a geologist and an adventure rider – and a Colorado resident that loves history - I have travelled all over this area; first photo is mine, my motorcycle under the Apishapa Arch in Aguilar, Colorado, a 1930s Civilian Conservation Corps project through a volcanic dyke, ‘coincidentally’ providing better access to land that a senator had purchased up around Cuchara and Cordova Passes]
#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #Colorado #structuralgeology #Cenozoic #Thermochronology #model #modeling #3dmodeling #HighPlains #RockyMountains #Tertiary #intrusives #volcanics #vulcanism #SpanishPeaks #ApishapaArch #dates #dating #erosions #peneplanation #dikes #dykes

Schematic [geologic] cross-section of Cenozoic exhumation in the High Plains from the Spanish Peaks (A - west) to Two Buttes (A’ - east).
Geologic map of the Spanish Peaks-Two Buttes study area with sample locations marked.
The ~24 Ma Spanish Peaks intrusions now stand over 2 km above their surroundings.
[as a geologist and an adventure rider – and a Colorado resident that loves history - I have travelled all over this area; this photo is mine, my motorcycle under the Apishapa Arch in Aguilar, Colorado, a 1930s Civilian Conservation Corps project through a volcanic dyke, ‘coincidentally’ providing better access to land that a senator had purchased up around Cuchara and Cordova Passes]
Public *
💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Scientists May Have Solved The Mystery Of How The Andes Got So Big
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sciencealert.com/scientists-ma <-- shared article
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doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.11 <-- shared paper
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[although my postgrad was in geology and I am licensed in the field, it has been a number of years since I worked directly in a geologic discipline; that said, I very much like to try and keep up with ‘things geology’…]
#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #southamerica #data #modeling #model #mathematics #mathematicalmodeling #structuralgeology #andes #chile #peru #platetectonics #tectonics #tectonic #movement #mountain #mountainbuilding #remotesensing #geologists #orogeny #vulcanism #pointers #APM #RPM

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